Traumatic Brain Injury in humans and animal models

نویسنده

  • Elham Rostami
چکیده

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are receiving increasing attention due to a combination of injuries related to war and sports, as well as to an increasing number of traffic accident survivors. Today the leading cause of death in young adults in industrialized nations is traumatic brain injury and in the population under 35 years, the death rate is 3.5 times that of cancer and heart disease combined. Despite a major improvement in the outcome of TBI in the acute setting, the assessment, therapeutic interventions and prevention of long-term complications remain a challenge. The challenges today are primarily related to a rapid diagnosis, identification of patient’s pathophysiological heterogeneity and to limit the secondary injuries. TBI is a complex condition that can be caused by focal or diffuse primary impacts that may initiate complex secondary neurochemical processes that proceeds over hours and days. The major secondary events include neuronal death, ischemia, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial failure, oxidative stress, oedema and inflammation. In addition, the brain’s restorative capacity involving neurotrophins, in particular brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), is triggered. Animal models are necessary to gain a deeper insight into the events that follow a TBI, and to ultimately apply the findings to the clinical setting. The aim of this thesis was to identify distinct pathological processes in different types of TBI by using animal models that mimic distinct types of TBI found in patients. We investigated alterations in gene expression, serum biomarkers and secondary processes such as inflammatory response involving the complement cascade. In addition we aimed to assess the effects of heterogeneity of TBI patients, based on their genetic background, on the outcome of TBI, with specific focus on BDNF. We used animal models to mimic three major types of TBI; blast wave, penetrating and rotational acceleration TBI. We found distinct profiles of alteration in gene expression in these models. The histological findings in blast and rotational TBI indicated these injuries to be mild. The hallmark of the rotational TBI was axonal injuries found in anatomical locations comparable with clinical findings in diffuse axonal injuries (DAI) in humans. Despite the mild type of injury displayed in the histology and behavioural outcome, significant increases in the serum biomarkers Tau, S100B, NF-H and MBP were observed up to 2 weeks following the injury. The complement cascade was initiated in both penetrating and rotational TBI, detected by C1q and C3. However, the terminal pathway that generates cell death, detected by C5b9, was only activated in the penetrating TBI. This suggests that axonal injuries and secondary axotomy found in the rotational TBI are not complement mediated. In order to investigate whether genetic heterogeneity can be used to predict injury outcome and brain plasticity following TBI, we targeted the ApoE ε4 allele and the BDNF gene. We investigated whether there was an association between the presence of the ApoE ε4 allele and BDNF polymorphisms and cognitive outcome in veterans who had suffered penetrating head injury. We found that the genetic polymorphisms of BDNF predict general intelligence following penetrating TBI. Subsequently we investigated the expression of BDNF and its receptors TrkB-full length, TrkB-truncated and p75, in animals exposed to penetrating TBI. The expression of TrkB truncated and p75 was altered in the chronic phase. In summary, these results show the importance of categorizing the different types of TBI, not only through the use of animal models but also in the clinical setting. Each type of TBI shows distinct patterns of gene expression, behavioural outcome, and morphological changes that may be reflected in the release of serum biomarkers. In the clinical setting, the situation is further complicated by the coexistence of different types of injuries. In addition to this, the genetic background of each patient contributes to the heterogeneity of TBI pathology as well as their ability to recover. The use of distinct types of TBI models will provide essential information about the underlying pathology, which can then be applied to the clinical setting. This will contribute to the establishment of better diagnostic tools as well as more individualized treatment approaches. SVENSK SAMMANFATTNING Traumatiska hjärnskador (THS) är den ledande dödsorsaken bland unga vuxna i iländer. Dödligheten är 3,5 gånger högre än för cancer och hjärtkärlsjukdomar tillsammans för de som är under 35 år. THS sker ofta i samband med olyckor, våldsbrott eller under sportutövande. Oavsett typ av primär skada så utlöser den olika neurokemiska reaktioner som kan leda till sekundära skador, såsom neuroinflammation vilket kan fortgå i dagar upp till månader och som kan leda till sekundära skador. Trots stora förbättringar i det akuta omhändertagandet finns det fortfarande stora brister i diagnostik, terapeutiska möjligheter och förebyggande av sekundära skador. THS är ett mångfacetterat och heterogent tillstånd som involverar flera olika patologiska processer. Lyckligtvis har hjärnan även en restaurerande förmåga där proteiner som neurotrofiner och Brain Derived Neurotrofic Factor (BDNF) spelar en avgörande roll. Det övergripande målet med vårt arbete är att kunna förutsäga och förhindra sekundära skador samt att förstå vilken roll patienternas genetiska bakgrund spelar. Syftet med avhandlingen är att identifiera olika patologiska processer i olika typer av THS. Vi studerar förändringar i genuttryck, biomarkörer i blodet samt det inflammatoriska svaret vid TSH. Utöver detta undersöker vi vilken roll THS-patienters genetiska bakgrund spelar på den kognitiva förmågan efter en hjärnskada. Djurmodeller som efterliknar hjärnskador hos patienter är nödvändiga för att få kunskaper som kan föra oss närmare dessa mål. De använda djurmodellerna efterliknar tre huvudtyper av THS; tryckvågsorsakade TSH, penetrerande och rotations-accelerationskador. Vi fann tydliga förändringar i genuttryck som var specifika för de olika typerna av THS. De histologiska fynden i tryckvågsoch rotations-THS visade på en mild hjärnskada medan penetrationsskadan är en mer allvarlig form av THS. Kännetecknade för rotations-THS var axonala skador i hjärnbalken (corpus callosum), gränsen mellan vit och grå substans och i de centroaxiala strukturerna. Dessa är jämförbara med de kliniska fynden i diffusa axonala skador s.k. DAI hos människor. Trots att denna THS är en mild form av hjärnskada så kunde vi ändå detektera förhöjda nivåer av serumbiomarkörer som Tau, S100B, NF-H och MBP upp till två veckor efter skadan. Vår studie av det inflammatoriska svaret, med fokus på komplementkaskaden, visade att den celldödsmedierande delen av kaskaden, syntes av det terminala cytolytiska komplexet C5b9, initieras vid penetrerande skada, men inte vid rotationsskada. Detta tyder på att axonala skador och den sekundära axotomin som har en avgörande roll i patologin av TSH och främst rotationsskadan inte är komplementmedierade. För att undersöka om den genetiska variationen kan förutspå resultatet av en hjärnskada gällande den kognitiva förmågan tittade vi på IQ och generna ApoE och BDNF. ApoE är den mest undersökta genen relaterad till hjärnskador och dess utfall. Detta studerades hos Vietnamveteraner med och utan penetrerande hjärnskador. Data för IQ både före kriget och vid ytterligare 2 tillfällen efter kriget och hjärnskadan erbjuder en lysande möjlighet att undersöka hjärnskadans effekt på kognitiv förmåga. Ingen effekt av allel ε4 av ApoE-genen kunde ses. Dock visar vår studie att polymorfism i den BDNFproducerande genen kan förutsäga IQ hos dessa patienter efter en penetrerande hjärnskada. Detta kan ha stor betydelse för potentiella behandlingar för patienter med hjärnskador. Detta har kunnat undersökas direkt i våra djurmodeller och är ett exempel på framgångsrik translatorisk forskning. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS This thesis is based on the following publications, which are referred to in the text by their roman numerals (Study I-V): I. Risling M, Plantman S, Angeria M, Rostami E, Bellander BM, Kirkegaard M, Arborelius U, Davidsson J. Mechanisms of blast induced brain injuries, experimental studies in rats. Neuroimage. 2011 Jan; 54 Suppl 1:S89-97. Epub 2010 May 21. II. Rostami E, Davidsson J, Ng KC, Lu J, Gyorgy A, Wingo D, Walker J, Plantman S, Bellander BM, Agoston D, Risling M. A model for mild traumatic brain injury that induces limited transient memory impairment and increased levels of axon related serum biomarkers. Front Neurol. 2012; 3:115. Epub 2012 Jul 23 III. Rostami E, Davidsson J, Agoston DV, Gyorgy A, Risling M, Bellander BM The complement terminal pathway is activated in focal penetrating but not in mild diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury. Submitted IV. Rostami E, Krueger F, Zoubak S, Dal Monte O, Raymont V, Pardini M, Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Risling M, Grafman J. BDNF polymorphism predicts general intelligence after penetrating traumatic brain injury. PLoS ONE. 2011; 6(11):e27389. Epub 2011 Nov 8. V. Rostami E, Krueger F, Plantman S, Davidsson J, Agoston DV, Grafman J, Risling M. Alteration in BDNF and its receptors, full-length and truncated TrkB and p75 following penetrating traumatic brain injury. Submitted ADDITIONAL PUBLICATIONS NOT INCLUDED THE THESIS Rostami E, Bondi M. β-adrenoreceptor activation in brain, lung and adipose tissue, measured by microdialysis in pig. Adv Med Sci. 2012 Jun 1;57(1):136-41. Rostami E, Bellander BM. Monitoring of glucose in brain, adipose tissue, and peripheral blood in patients with traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011 May 1;5(3):596-604. Risling M, Ochsman T, Carlstedt T, Lindå H, Plantman S, Rostami E, Angeria M, Sköld MK. On acute gene expression changes after ventral root replantation. Front Neurol. 2011 Jan 4;1:159. Krueger F, Rostami E, Huey ED, Snyder A, Grafman J. Evidence of an inferior total-order planning strategy in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Neurocase. 2007 Oct;13(5):426-37. Ungerstedt U, Rostami E. Microdialysis in neurointensive care. Curr Pharm Des. 2004; 10(18):2145-52. Review. Rostami E, Rocksén D, Ekberg N, Goiny M, Ungerstedt U. Hyperoxia in combination with hypoventilation decreases lactate and increases oxygenation in brain of non-injured pig. In review

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

W1: Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury

لطفاً به چکیده انگلیسی مراجعه شود.

متن کامل

P143: The Neuroprotective Effect of Chloroquine in Animal Model of Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in young adults and children, and is a leading public health problem worldwide. In TBI, neurological impairment is caused by immediate brain tissue disruption (primary injury) and post‑injury cellular and molecular events (secondary injury) that exacerbate the primary neurological insult. However, the destructi...

متن کامل

Induction of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury models in rat using a modified impactor device

Introduction: The use of standard rodent model, allows for the understanding of neuronal injury physiopathology and helping development of therapeutic strategies. Because of eliminating technical problems, we designed a modified impactor device with ability to induce different degrees according to kilodyne from very mild to very severe of spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI...

متن کامل

P 41: Meningioma Stem Like Cells and Self Assembling Nanopeptide Scaffold for Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury in Animal Model

Introduction: Brain injury is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and so far, there has been no absolute treatment for the damaged brain tissue. Using human stem cells with self-assembling scaffolds can be a promising method for treatment of traumatic brain injury. Materials and Methods: Human meningioma stem cells were isolated, cultured and then expanded into in vitro cond...

متن کامل

Prediction of mental disorders after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: principle component Approach

Introduction: In Processes Modeling, when there is relatively a high correlation between covariates, multicollinearity is created, and it leads to reduction in model's efficiency. In this study, by using principle component analysis, modification of the effect of multicolinearity in Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Logistic Regression (LR) has been studied. Also, the effect of multicolineari...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:

دوره   شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2012